Exploring the Role of Medication, Diet and Exercise in Treatment Adherence: A Qualitative Study of Patients with Type II Diabetes in Pakistan

Abstract

Adherence to medication, diet, and physical activity is essential for effective diabetes management, yet patients often struggle to maintain consistency. This study aimed to explore the perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of treatment and lifestyle adherence among patients with type II diabetes in Pakistan through a thematic analysis of semi structured interviews. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted till saturation from patients diagnosed with T2DM. Findings revealed multiple challenges, including dizziness and weakness caused by medication, financial strain in purchasing insulin, transportation difficulties for medical checkups, and cultural pressures to consume sweets during social events. At the same time, participants highlighted significant strengths that supported adherence, such as family reminders, shared dietary practices, incorporating walking and stretching into daily routines, and personal strategies like recording sugar levels and meals in diaries. A central theme capturing the dynamic interplay between barriers and resilience in type II diabetes self-management. These findings underscore that adherence is not a static behavior but a fluctuating process shaped by personal, familial, cultural, and economic influences. The study suggests that healthcare providers should recognize both struggles and strengths when designing patient centered interventions. Tailored counseling, family centered care, and community-based education may enhance adherence and improve long term health outcomes.